La grande famille des chrysomèles ou Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) est divisée en 19 sous-familles et rassemble environ 37 000 espèces herbivores réparties dans le monde entier. Presque chaque espèce est oligophage et se nourrit donc exclusivement sur des plantes appartenant à la même famille, voire au même genre.
Chrysomelidae
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ci-après](data:image/png;base64,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)
Galéruque de l'aulne
(Agelastica alni)
Famille
Chrysomelidae
Caractéristiques
Du fait de leur mode de vie sédentaire (elles passent l'essentiel de leur vie à la surface des feuilles d'arbres, arbustes ou plantes herbacées et agrégatives), les chrysomèles sont particulièrement exposées à la prédation. Elles ont développé, au cours de leur évolution, des mécanismes de protection variés contre leurs ennemis naturels. Elles sont souvent brillamment colorées (l'étymologie grecque du mot chrysomèle, de chrysos « doré », et melolanthion « hanneton », signifiant littéralement coléoptère doré) et ce caractère distinctif est un signal d'avertissement de leur toxicité. La défense chimique est en effet très répandue au sein de la famille. Les substances défensives utilisées peuvent être stockées dans le sang et les tissus de l’insecte. Lorsque l'insecte est inquiété, elles peuvent également être émises par saignée réflexe ou depuis des glandes spécialisées. Ces substances sont de véritables armes chimiques qui les protègent de la prédation. Elles doivent agir rapidement et être au moins dissuasives, irritantes voire toxiques. Les composés chimiques présents dans les sécrétions défensives de ces insectes présentent une très grande diversité. La plupart de ces substances sont d'origine autogène mais certaines espèces séquestrent des composés secondaires des plantes pour élaborer leur propre stratégie défensive.
Les chrysomèles sont au cœur d'une communication chimique intense : elles appréhendent leur environnement grâce aux odeurs émises par les plantes et se protègent de la prédation en libérant dans l'atmosphère un bouquet de composés volatils répulsifs ou toxiques. Elles constituent donc un modèle privilégié pour étudier le rôle et l'évolution des médiateurs chimiques dans les relations multi-tritrophiques.
Deux modèles biologiques indépendants ont été exploités afin de comprendre l'évolution des caractères écologiques et chimiques associés aux interactions entre les plantes et les insectes. D'une part les larves de la sous-tribu des Chrysomelina sont un excellent modèle pour évaluer la faculté qu'ont les insectes phytophages spécialisés de migrer sur des plantes hôtes différentes et d'étudier les paramètres qui facilitent ou contraignent ces changements de spécificité alimentaire. D'autre part, les chrysomèles tropicales adultes du genre Platyphora (sous-tribu des Chrysolinina), permettent d'étudier les contraintes et le potentiel d'évolution des affiliations de plantes hôtes, associées à la possibilité de séquestrer des composés phytotoxiques.
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)
Chrysomelidae
Liste des sous-familles