- Description du ravageur :
D. dipsaci est un endoparasite strict migrateur. Les mâles et les femelles sont vermiformes à tous les stades et les adultes mesurent 0,9 à 1,8 mm de long. Il existe une race géante en région méditerranéenne qui se distingue par sa taille supérieure.
- Les dégâts sur les cultures :
Sur betterave et carotte, l'infestation primaire débute juste après la germination et les feuilles se déforment. A l'automne, le collet devient spongieux et pulvérulent et se détache de la racine. Les jeunes plants d'oignon, de poireau, d'ail, d'échalote se renflent à la base et les feuilles se déforment (figure 1). Plus tard, les bulbes sont boursouflés et craquelés (maladie vermiculaire de l'oignon). Les plants de pois et de haricot restent courts, ont un aspect buissonnant et meurent dans une forte proportion.
Sur fraisier, les feuilles sont petites et déformées, les pétioles courts, épais et tordus. Le feuillage se dessèche et tombe.
Sur avoine, seigle, ou luzerne les feuilles se déforment, les tiges s'épaississent, le tallage est excessif (figure 2), la plante est courte et rabougrie. Une attaque précoce et massive peut entraîner la disparition des jeunes plants par taches. Sur maïs, les pieds sont raccourcis, gonflés, nécrosés. Les racines coronaires disparaissent, entraînant une verse. L'orge et le blé sont rarement attaqués.
Sur pomme de terre, le plant se déforme, la tige et les tubercules se nécrosent. Les jeunes plants de tabac se dessèchent et meurent. Les plants plus âgés se couchent (verse du tabac).
En plus des dégâts directs dûs à la présence du nématode, les tissus atteints sont généralement envahis par divers micro-organismes qui provoquent leur pourrissement.
![ditylenchus_oignon](data:image/png;base64,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)
Figure 1
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![Ditylenchus_dipsaci](data:image/png;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD//gA8Q1JFQVRPUjogZ2QtanBlZyB2MS4wICh1c2luZyBJSkcgSlBFRyB2NjIpLCBxdWFsaXR5ID0gMTAwCv/bAEMAAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAf/bAEMBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAf/AABEIAGQASAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAfAAABBQEBAQEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAQIDBAUGBwgJCgv/xAC1EAACAQMDAgQDBQUEBAAAAX0BAgMABBEFEiExQQYTUWEHInEUMoGRoQgjQrHBFVLR8CQzYnKCCQoWFxgZGiUmJygpKjQ1Njc4OTpDREVGR0hJSlNUVVZXWFlaY2RlZmdoaWpzdHV2d3h5eoOEhYaHiImKkpOUlZaXmJmaoqOkpaanqKmqsrO0tba3uLm6wsPExcbHyMnK0tPU1dbX2Nna4eLj5OXm5+jp6vHy8/T19vf4+fr/xAAfAQADAQEBAQEBAQEBAAAAAAAAAQIDBAUGBwgJCgv/xAC1EQACAQIEBAMEBwUEBAABAncAAQIDEQQFITEGEkFRB2FxEyIygQgUQpGhscEJIzNS8BVictEKFiQ04SXxFxgZGiYnKCkqNTY3ODk6Q0RFRkdISUpTVFVWV1hZWmNkZWZnaGlqc3R1dnd4eXqCg4SFhoeIiYqSk5SVlpeYmZqio6Slpqeoqaqys7S1tre4ubrCw8TFxsfIycrS09TV1tfY2dri4+Tl5ufo6ery8/T19vf4+fr/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/AP6gKKP8/wA/8/5FFfHnQYl74i0jTb1LC+ult55f7NWLfwskmq3zabZRgjJDSXoig+YKA9xbruzKorbr40/aG8UWnhj4w/BB7/UJLLTp11m+1KGGBZX1eXQ9e8KXei6Llo3Z5b28nurmytYis09/p9v5eWjCnH8fftceG/hpHruhTWt7PqFjpena3Lr0PkaiPP8AEF3Hc6hLHpZmjkRbSO4uLbR7G5uDcK1vZJJYyWQCv8Fn3iDkXCtbEUM8xdsRebwOAwWHq4vMcbFQpTiqOFoe0k1OdelhlXrOhhqdaUFXr0lUi19DPIa0sHleLoXccww9WvKVT3adNUcVUwdXlfKpVHTlRlWlCjGtVdKacIS5JpfV114osLjxNpPh+y1mzt763vdTl1fTJnijv7mzsdJEgWKCYed9mNzqenXYuolVJUtpo0mKrMh7Wv5+/G3xZ+J97Z23xj1Iy6dZfEyK+sdSsVcWTX8Hhm4jtr3TJbRVj+zT3Y0PVJo7KZWdRpSma1eUpcXX7Ffs/R/FR/Ct1qfxPvbWWTV5rG98O6Yl3DqWo6RpT6fDvt9X1G2gtLSa9klK+ZbW1nAlo8UoYySSu1cHCfGed57mbweK4br4XCVvrOJ+vyrOlLBYeLmsFTxeCqRqWq4mnCnBVMPiZ0q1X21enGNHkT5cwynE4KCqVPq6oQ5qEairRdTE14VF7V0qcY+/CHtbe052lGk1LklamveqUY7n9M/j19c/lUU00NvDLcXEscEEEbzTTTOsUMMUal5JZZHKpHHGgLO7sFVQWYgAmvhK1+I+geAPj7L4Z+Hs+u+LtM8Qz6R4e8TaTNqPirXU0zxKs1xcXs+k3uo3F9BJP/Y9xc+IrxlF3HJbeGdb06w8m4uo/L+2zHMvqFfAUnGhOni67oVnLE+zxNFSi3Sq0cKqNR4qDnGUav7yk6S5ZRVS8lDzaVGdZyUFdxi5NvSKUVd3m/di9VbmsnfWS0v940UUV6xkHp/nua5Lxp4ttfBmiyaxd28twgaSKJIyqI0yWtzeLHNM5CW6zpayQQzyfuRcyQJK0aSF139UuZrPS9Su7aPzrm0sLu5t4dnmebNBbyyxR+X5tvv3yKq7PtEG7djzY/vr+F3x2+McviW21mTxH4x8RQapqvjbWL1vDkWkWenaBqen+HL2x0rR7PSpZNQuNRWHTrTS7PVLLUksWur06pdstlfW95Pdx/Ccd8WS4ay9U8LSqVMyxtOqsE4xUo03CdGlKqouM1WnTniKUnR9xexVavKpCFCbPXyrLfr0p1JzUaNCdKMoKNSdSrOrzuNOEacW9Y05tu91ZacvNOHs/wC158QfCvj34jfCpPDHiDxHD4j03UNasbaw0KWWC/tbSOxv5bLxI0F3CNJtpYPEUNg9tPd3TINJ3XFzbmOfZH+Qw+Ofifwh4h8aa5cWFxoFz4hlutV8MX/iQaMt7qGix6taRXb3lpdRyaPMBDp6N5KQWlxFrASG3dIY3x6D4g+Olz421e0u7VPDfh+9tLLwVe6Nq9pCE1XUtObWdL8L6he6xFBqKXF2l5pgs9Qu728t7SFb/TYoLqATG6A+Z/Hnifxj8dvHkfhfwx4a8L3Om2sl1badHpOk2F54ohtkR5NUv9W1HWb/AE03yTXcNxd6lfW15JJbQxRWtoh+zxwR/hOMxmMz7HTx+MoYSL9nSrYzNG55bOEsJyYhKnFVK6jShOSmqTxM4TccRaMZ8rl+nZZGtHL6eS42k50sqwUsT7dauCoV62YV1OMU4fVYqsvaThOom6dXn9nCOv6O+NviV4S8O+AvDOn6pYX2p/2j4u8QfE66TxJr3gTWpB4l8R+G9Z07Xbb+xdGN7aW2mQ6zdT3WheT9jl0XUnm1eS8lD29/L734X/bI+KHgrR/Buh+HbKTxZaPbWA0vTrm30291GXwI+n311pOsxWfhaG+Yz6fYaLe3viuW9SC+hSSX9yVtLm4s/wAMPEfxL13X28DXEOo6daS6nc+MdA8SSjw/p19FcanB4u1fTb+eO6vbZry1srm3115FW0e3Z7eQxXCTpAip+l41fwv4d0Pwl4r8G2enLDrlh4c0DxP481jxDa/2snjux0HxbZa94J8OWWmQpqPh3wxqXkXuk6bDbaLb6c8XhWw02a3txNZyXNUshzjKMJWxOYcQZvWzarRUXGhm2YYDFupQnjIU6FKtSxMJQhhqcq05T56mGjBRxEoP2apT87F1MLUyWtDG4anipVZVamEputTpOFaE6tpU8RUpp0Y1VUr1nVpr2sqcVD2MVTpzh9uaT8ffj18RNc8N+D/FcNzoOj/Ei11ddC8RWunNpmi6l4VtdJF/qc0Og6l4auNQ1mx16wSU6F4vFs2jzyyxWNmrv9sMfhuhaXo/gf4n/GPxV4Ym+IVhH8KvBmgeLPB9942nurF9W8W+HbjwbBr0kv2m5isbzTvFdlZ6npFgtzFbyKqXEFnbi/dLZ/UvAX7QvxW/aA8ETfCr4dfB74g+D9Wtdf0vwQ/iDQte0X+w/APhex8NaJpV3da7r2vWV/Je6be293PdpBodmLib7BDdaLLPcCKaT5p+Lk1/8D/jDc6lpXjW3mvtPSy8N/GA6TfDWo/F3iYudeufEaeHdVkuToEV2HjWXSk1O3ubO9hm1Cza3h1RrofT+/lFGnneJqYvOsHUp04U8bjJ1sRi1mFGNek4YeviqtT2lOtb69GSp4WMa9GlQq1Y11Tg/nMvwUaCxeFpxp4eFXDSqRw/1t5k6/vwcakq0Y1Go16bp0YVF7k+eTp0/YVHKP7q/BCw8Taf8KfBMfi/xufiNr91osGq3fjJtPGmNrEess+rWjm1W6u1221rew2kcqPEk0UEciWtorC3jK8u/Y5+Kmk/FT4H+Hrmx1AXuq+EpJPCHiSMWl7Zi01Kwht7+xjjjvoYZJbe48P6lo15b3ESfZpI7jbDtEbRoV++ZdVVfAYKulyqthMPU5eeVVxc6UJOLqS96bi24uUrSk03JJ3R8rioVKWJr06sVGpCtUU4xUVFSUnflUFGCj/LyxUeW3KkrI+mtR06y1fTr7StTtorzTtRtZ7K+tJ13w3NrdRPDPBKh4eKWJ3SRGyrqxVgVJFfzS/H74FeI9Ei+IXxC+Hmhat4s1Hwt8VtA8DR6RqesWtrquk+IrW+tH1C3XSJra3tb+11K3j0wxX06Pa6fpepC7aNjc/aZP6M/iLqkWi+A/F+qzXyaaLDw9qtxHfSSrDFbzpZzfZmlmf5IonuTDHJI5VER2Z3RQWH4y/8FL4tU8AeKvhB8f8A4bz3BfX/AIheDfFUt7YahKmmeJDpXhWXTtMluN840mNNH07TtPCiVo31+18UyWyi8OlxGz+a4twFPFUIYnkoyrYKE7Ko7c9LFWg4yanCTpupShCUFUpSmptU6tKooTPpuFp1fbTwsG0swbo0+dzVGVehGM1Sm47e1hVfvxjUlS5FKVKpT5kvyM+IWgt8JviNa+ENUsjBdy65dadp9mbu2uGj0PxtZ2viXw3btLAxSVoY9RvdRRo5bm0aSMQqxmgBHnGpag3hf426VrfgttQvfB6+GbG2vNan06RIYbDxbYz+Jrq3v4p5DbT351LUrjSPsce6PfaSRx4Fqdm78afiFaa78fX1nXJr+9tvEEeo614Ze6nee6srldDhbR9N/s+eIQQBNA1Fba2t1klSC7tLGG2jtzDNaHh/iFbaprXhPxleWWtLqN94T8Rp8QhDb28ujW97pGh+INUt9X8L3en6VcxW963hjULqbUytskkn9hafd6xHKi70g/PcsyhReGoVPaRoZrg50W8TQqVKTp4mviKEakFCCUqtKrTqQXNiMM3WhJyp1qTm4/e4GjWlNYWnCisVVy5QxLnKcYu0MPLFUJJxajWlhJ142qrlnOrCMkpwZX+J0vhldE8Caj4Osm8PRwaFfWmqabp+oyXEdn4jvrrVPDetagXllnnI102mi6zNa+ZBBbXOsmKFI3S2jr1T4ffEifwpc2fjTW/CH/CyfDOmaFqOoL4L8Y3632iz6zqGiXcutX2lWbpbz6TLoviuN7lJgjCTWYo1k1SzuNXtoj4zrHimzuLTQtQ0+ysrXTNVvdP8RX2kalbWFzDr2maz4a1uLXNKEt1b3N3bQ2kXhZ10aOGAS/2le6dfO0l/a2N1adP8NtO8Pa94q8GC8t01DSL7xFpXiWy0O01i4kux4H8RSWOo+LbCzF1M1vLqEV/o+tWMVxrMyR2YttHlvXFvNG9v6csLWhHLoTo+zq4epyTxFas8TOMpYmvUjh5ubg+dyoOM6lSpWX1evUqqm6tF05+jhsshKGKnOvVnho16VRYZU3GrVwGIdWFaCqwb/fRVWjCFdRgoYlqHP+9uegL8ePiLpnhWI/D3x7qvhzxZqfhSaW/k8P8Ai/UtJbVLa41Gy8I3VrrErTQvLb2luJNRv5pTKI7JnayuIRaxSNhR614u8D+LfE2manpWmeK7zw/4y0u48Z3EGtXniHQ/FE+g391pc9xDqZu3a7sdZjv7nULXVneOG8t5IruNLe4bnhYtC0CX4nax4Esby20L7f4xsPAemarplrY6/p8On3l1rGtTabcWZ1YW0slzr9rp+gvZTT3V9qFvq8ZRmuorfTbvgPDfjGTR/Gut+GNYtrC70w6Prt7fanYXS6rc27WF26G31FYdQWCeNdV05P8AQbgNLJbySLDmK+g+zupkVSGWulRwDrUObF4mXPKUJQpOFCTo2p1lH403RVKMqntoTU1zKlTV1MFgcPXzdU5YZOhSo0cNRhTblOnNxk54ZqMJOLilKVP2itzxlFxjUlJ/19fsB+Fn8N/BzStffxfc6ppnxGSPWPD/AIdu0jtoNNfSDd6ZqV1pCnVdQkuIr+2ttONwkcNhHamxDfZNswuJSvJv+CZWlar42+Cvgn4pa1pt14NbRF8S+G/Dnhyz1BL6HUNL1m7t9V1HVdYTUG1aex/tDT08FadBpNhdaY9hc+DDehUh1m6tJCv0vJcOsJleCwyhyKjh6UGuf2jc1CPtJOdkm5VeeXupQs1yJRsj8RzSnKlj8TCcoyqRqzVTljGMYzUmuRcrcW4xUVJr7V09Uz9CvH2kanLYnxB4es7TUtd0ex1CF9C1G5S20zxboN5Gjav4W1CadJrW0a/FvBNpmpzwMNP1GCFLh/7JvNXtrr+aD9sX4660+iaT+zR4jtPAlx4a+Hvime8+H3iTV3vdM17w5oiW+uaXonhHx9b3Dzw2trYx6pon9p+WnkaPHoEceoapLc2c9xF/U5IiyRvGxYB0dCykBgGBGVODhhnIODyBxxX4+/F3/gjn8KPi14kt/EWq/Gb4qmSG0sbRoNbXQPEUjRabZrZWCR3RstKdLeziMq2drNHcwWcLpbWqRW0SxGcywVTF+yhTdqcp/wC0fDJSpq0uV05Sgp88oQ1c1yOMZR15r/RcK5plOBliv7XfuxhCeCtSqznHERlNxmqlKM3S9lGdVJclqir1IVG48qj/ADEeOGs9UvvDUGoatYahr8Mr2Ft4k0DUkbTLGXS9eFjHqmmPZxvY3+mapaPZ3MVzbRYVJYrm0e3DOobpnji5tdEnvbMwSXXhnX7HxNrdpelVtbvUNP3+HvF2ifZy2y+03xNoOqrrK27rvmSLX2EbLaBR+xf7Qv8AwQ78W+CdH0nxL+zz8QtR+Jh8O2whuvBPjeGGw1poX+2TXs+h6jpYNjcW6TzrPbaRDplvqcDg/ZbrUrh1UfkF48+EXiL4I/8ACYH4s/Cz4paX4o8XRWjeGV1WLUvBulaJfQatOutXet6Jq3h6fUfFel3+j3D2Fm+n63o8ltdT3N/fLq9vMbBuGGDwOEprAzlVvTVf+z6NaChQryjjHP2McRJulh5YjAzTpQnUjSnioSpKPtKlaU/0vLZUc4qYbF5TjKFeNHF0cVWlQUIYvB06sv3tN4CfssRVpYWrBOdSEXJYZqpSlNJxfM+JfEV/4LS78PTafbal4P1iHS/EfgRtOvYb/TtFtbSLTmlWWSVX1G7m0+3huC0DT7riC41GaGJ4r8zRv07xZY3Vg17p9tZ2VuZWlsDaWxv5NFsYI4dRvLbUDLJHHb6leXekpqsdxak6ZqN/qN7dWNjZq0EFt7BqXwpuNR+Gl94mufs6S+Gtd8E2+k2Gj2ml3MF1J47uNQjkt9ctU1Sz1Cx8O2+haJq6vrdnp+uahBqlzY6TcafbWeoTalH9zf8ABMz9hP4efGXx5468SfEjTdY1rwZ4LTSWsvh5YahcmS51XXp7u/sdE13xPt0pbrTdH0ixikvriG40n7UtzpMMQjnupref5/29LNqOEpUqM8Ni8ZKM6a9pJvHUqKr4bEYzEySqxw1aNLDwdaacpYivWqVownOST+txNDBcN082zXFWqRwEl9cnSguXDYqrPA4jC4LD0pypxrRxFTExq0E4Rp4enBxq1YJScfyc8Jxarora7rut+IpdBs/Et1oOqtPG9rJqCXNl4htNUjknMsZFrc3M2mJeyi4ihw1wjmFmtwx9Y8C6X4f+I+p+LNc1rxKfht4Y8G+D9R1qfUbSzmuNf8URaVdxaVp2n+FND0i2sW1LxFreuTWGmXkl1qdhYaJot+2uXtwlzDItf1B/E7/gmz8CPjVd+KPBN38DvBvwo0GLTPDt74c8ceBr64h1zTdVh+12NxFFpUfh7SND1FLjSrXTjNZX2o+IbPTNRS81CIx32q3Mt56f8OP+CXP7Evw6h0mUfBfRPGOtaTbWkK6142nvdda5mtYYI/tcmhyXMXhlbiWWBbl5E0XzftDPI0rNzX09HKnUqxqY+brezVOFH2P+z0cPClGjFqnTSVSpUq+wpxqVKs535faq8nKM/wA6x3HmVewnLD0cTRxNe06lNww+MnPnSq0pzqzrPDwVP2s1TjGnz0pRUXScVTmt7/gnB4N0Lwh+yL8L20qGSLUvE1ne+KfF7m1uLCA+MNXvZ5Nes7LTZUt7XS7LRrtDoUOn6XZ2On2zabKqWy3P2mSUr7c0zS9N0XT7LSNGsLHStK023hstO03TrW3srCxs7eMRwWtpaWyR29tbwxqqRQwxpFGoCoqgAUV7UYqEYxVkkkrKyXTZW6/r3d1+Q4mt9YxFev7376rUqJTlzSSnJySctL2TS0SWmmhc/wA/5/z2qKd5IoJpIoWuJY4pHjt0ZEeeRELJCryFY0aVgEVnYIpYFiFBNS/5/wA/570Vf4f15mK0adk7PZ3s/J2adn5NPs0fL3gv9r74MeJryXQPEGuTfDPxvYKRrfgz4i2k/hvUtGmF5JYeXc6hdoNDkWW5jItmi1NnuImjlWNVcY9s8TeFvh78SdC+xeLfDvg7x74eeJruO18Q6To3ifR2SSGWI3McWoQXtph4TNH9ojXJjMih8bhXyV+2polhLpvg/wARWngq+TxjoviDR7vwr8VbOz0Y6boWsQX5isvBvjHU/taa9pfh7xZ9rnsLTUZ7KbwtY+IZ9Hm1m7sEzcx+S/DzUPh58dfF2q/2B4uj+APi3w/rNq3jLwR4TsNe8BeI9c0zRtP03U9fjDWXiXRNG1eePU017RvEU+t+FNem0m3ikjaxtZhDqV34qx1alip4DEuhXlKNP6vKyw8q6al7WM41JulKrT5Yzap8kasJt04r2c4x+6eQ4LF5ZQz/ACt4/LqVOWKeYU+Z5jHAVKU6KoVKNTC06eKp4Wv7aUIzrqrWw1Sly4mfLVoVq386ljqOuW/7S/iBfBFvrGkeGp4D4buPDXhgatFH4te+1C5kg0XT7VZYVv7Gaeay09tJu7j7BqFrbLAVaCNZof63/wBlX4OaP8EfhBovhGysWtNbuLrUdc8XNdpZNqx8Qa3fXGrzWWq3liot7+fR7e+g0uK8hP2a5gtkurVIoLhY1/DD/gnHo/hTxz+1FJY6A1tq3h3wX4w8eeLbPVbtYI59Ys7C81GTQby3t7srqP8AoV/c6LNbIbWLyIYG3mNoAq/0i6fMt5qF/e2y/wCgtDa2qT7SEvrm3ku/OnhyAJIIUkigS6Ulblg6qWitoXfxOE8O5vE46rTpwnSccroRhFJexwqjKtXvZN1K9ao3Um3d8qi3ZQjH7nxkzaKq5ZkeHnL2c8LSzzHSlzRnPE4tzpYXC1U27xwuHhOcIu6i610otTlLcXqOPTHI/wAP/r/jSHp69O/TrxyM/lwPelXr19Omefbgdun8qQ9PTgevI/H0/AccV9p1fy7/ANadlp3ert+FinGT359R79OPX8PbpRQTyecc+rccfTPt6+2KKOi0totNdNv61/K4DaKP8/5/z/WimB5547sNC8X6X4i+G3iiBodH8W+FNQtmvWmSOOaCdZ7PVPIkcKLW/wBFE2nahBIzlma5ingH+hXLR/hZ/wAFDPijfaP4I8Bacvw5trX4pHUfEPhL4h/Gyx0m4aJPEfw/vbXSbHQtRe0udN0u/bxro72evQya/NqdzpmjXscui6VdtbO8P7zeO/CieMvDOo6Ks4sb+SGSbR9T8mK4fStWSKRLS+WCdXhnRTI8N1azK0F7ZTXNlcK0FxIp/nX/AGnvHejfCv4K/F/wV4803xpqfxL+KPjPwe/hHTG1jVx4VGj3cFja6rqFzYalHqemG88B614Yl8KXc8UkGumeHRWg1O40yK73+Bn2HVbCVk4xcalCpTm5xpzhJxtVopqouX2iqRcKLvGS9rPknCclJfo/h5iHTzTDOE6sqmGx2GrUqFGpXp1E8RJYTE1IzpTi/q7pSpYjF02qkZ/UqLq0p0KcoPxT9jLx3qPh39oD4f6Tp3hrRdMvdZ1HTfDOp63pF5F4d0yfSte1LTrjWtC1d7u5Wzjt9TsrEm4vtDktNUWY2tpLBdxamlldf1gRxxwxpFEiRRRIscccaqkccaKFRERQFREUBVVQFVQAAAK/CP8A4I/+G/DvivSPj4niXQbDVnis/CGgltXVLyaay8RReJl8UQRQySvDDaatb6N4X+2m0hiEq2enrcSGeLav7kaDpI0HR9P0Zb/UNTi023W0t7zVp1u9RktYSy2kd3diON7yW2tvKtjeXAe8ulhFxez3N3JPcS83CeAeAyumuepKOIvWVOpPm9hK/LKEI6qMZtOpyxdlezTd5Po8V85hm3E1aHs6cauXQp4aVaEXfF06lKGJpzqTfLKUqEaqo+/G+7jLktGOyucjj0554/I9/fj6Ck7Hj0z149+uPz9eBSrjI6n2x1/Uf560h6fljAHv1wf58nHavp+r+XT/AIN/0331PzAU554zz/tc8H3/AB9efSig4yevX06deOuOv8utFHRa30Wuuu39a/lcDiH0/VFv2mHivX/Ja9uCLExeHDapFJJtS3Vv+Ef+1+TADmFnumnJA86aUZBqTWeryXEsqeLNfgjEdpALaKLw4YAzWVn5lwDN4fmuPPkk8yZv3/kiSWQJCkflxoUVb6/4Y/8AtoHUaHHcw2XlXWoXmqSpKQby+WyS4cNFE+110+zsLXCljt2WyHB+Ysea/n5/4Ke/DfSrjxlZa5fav4jv5GtPjIbXTp9Rgg0jTptG8J6X470+6s7LT7KyL3kXiDxReyPdX0t7PNZWmmWMzvb2YWQorz8xSlhJqSTTnSumk071YJ6Pum16M+v4JbjnUZRbUlhsU002mmsPVaaa1TT1TWqZ9tf8EofAfh/RP2a9P8V2UVydX1nxH4qt7iSW4LQQwiXRbWZYIESNS11HoelGea6NzODZxpBLBC0kT/qL2J9x+uf8KKKrL23gcI27t0KTberbcFdt9X5nncUf8lFnK6RzHFRiukYxqySil0iloktEthQcZPHA44HqBn/P40KMnB9Pbtj/ACcdaKK6ntP+toq33Hgh/Fjj72Og+np/nrRRRUz0tbTf9AP/2Q==)
- Figure 2
- Les plantes hôtes :
Commun dans toute l'Europe, ce nématode peut s'attaquer à plus de 1 200 plantes cultivées et sauvages. Il existe une vingtaine de races biologiques indistinguables morphologiquement, mais possédant chacune sa gamme d'hôtes. Les principales cultures attaquées sont des graminées (avoine, seigle, maïs) ; des liliacées (oignon, ail, poireau, figures 1 et 2) ; les légumineuses (luzerne, haricot, pois, trèfle) ; des solanées (pomme de terre, tabac) ; des crucifères (chou, navet, moutarde) ; des moracées (chanvre, houblon), etc.
- Cycle de développement :
Doué de grandes capacités d'anabiose, ce nématode peut persister dans le sol à l'état de vie ralentie pendant 8 à 9 ans. Il hiverne à tous les stades dans les tiges, les pétioles, les bulbes des plantes cultivées ou de mauvaises herbes et se reproduit pendant toute l'année, sauf par temps froid.
Profitant de l'humidité lors des pluies ou de la rosée, les larves (figure 3) et les adultes migrent hors du sol et se déplacent à la surface des tiges et des feuilles dans la pellicule d'eau qui les recouvre. Ils pénètrent à la base des tiges ou dans les écailles des bulbes, creusent des cavités en dissociant les cellules. Ces cavités se traduisent par des lésions brun rougeâtre qui peuvent être très étendues. En fin de végétation, on retrouve dans ces lésions desséchées une substance cotonneuse constituée de millions d'individus à l'état d'anabiose (vie ralentie) qui constituent une réserve d'infection pour les cultures suivantes. Les individus se nourrissent des sucs cellulaires qu'ils aspirent avec leur stylet après avoir injecté leur salive dans les cellules. Les substances toxiques contenues dans la salive provoquent des nécroses et des déformations des tissus. Ce nématode peut également envahir les graines et être disséminé avec les semences (luzerne).
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)
Figure 1
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)
Figure 2
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![Ditylenchus_dipsaci_](data:image/png;base64,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)
Figure 3
![Résultat de recherche d'images pour "Ditylenchus 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)
- Description du ravageur :
D. dipsaci est un endoparasite strict migrateur. Les mâles et les femelles sont vermiformes à tous les stades et les adultes mesurent 0,9 à 1,8 mm de long. Il existe une race géante en région méditerranéenne qui se distingue par sa taille supérieure. Le nématode des tiges et des bulbes sévit en Europe sur de nombreux végétaux. Il s’attaque à plus de 400 espèces de plantes. L’adulte, filiforme et incolore, mesure 1 mm de longueur, les stades larvaires de 0.5 à 0.9 mm et les œufs 0.1 mm en moyenne. Ce ravageur (Ditylenchus dipsaci) hiverne dans le sol. Il peut se maintenir sur certaines mauvaises herbes comme le chénopode, le pâturin, le séneçon vulgaire. Il pénètre par les stomates et se développe dans les espaces intercellulaires des parenchymes. Il se nourrit en absorbant le cytoplasme des cellules à l’aide de son stylet. Après fécondation, la femelle pond plusieurs centaines d’œufs dans les tissus. L’éclosion réalisée, les larves muent quatre fois avant d’atteindre le stade adulte. Le cycle peut être bouclé en 18 à 20 jours, pour une température de +20°C et 24°C, mais il atteint plus d’un mois à une température de +15°C. La dissémination est assurée par les boutures prises sur des pieds-mères atteints, par l’utilisation de bulbes, tubercules caïeux contaminés.
- Les dégâts sur les cultures :
Les dégâts présentent une grande diversité. Néanmoins ont peut distinguer :
- Les réductions de croissance.
- Des modifications de la coloration des feuilles et des fleurs.
- Des altérations des organes et des tissus. Ces derniers présentent un gonflement et son d’apparence spongieuse. En coupe transversale, les bulbes laissent apparaître des anneaux concentriques noirs dus à une pourriture de certaines écailles. Le limbe de quelques espèces se couvre de pustules jaunes puis brunes.
Sur betterave et carotte, l'infestation primaire débute juste après la germination et les feuilles se déforment. A l'automne, le collet devient spongieux et pulvérulent et se détache de la racine. Les jeunes plants d'oignon, de poireau, d'ail, d'échalote se renflent à la base et les feuilles se déforment (figure 1). Plus tard, les bulbes sont boursouflés et craquelés (maladie vermiculaire de l'oignon). Les plants de pois et de haricot restent courts, ont un aspect buissonnant et meurent dans une forte proportion.
Sur fraisier, les feuilles sont petites et déformées, les pétioles courts, épais et tordus. Le feuillage se dessèche et tombe.
Sur avoine, seigle, ou luzerne les feuilles se déforment, les tiges s'épaississent, le tallage est excessif (figure 2), la plante est courte et rabougrie. Une attaque précoce et massive peut entraîner la disparition des jeunes plants par taches. Sur maïs, les pieds sont raccourcis, gonflés, nécrosés. Les racines coronaires disparaissent, entraînant une verse. L'orge et le blé sont rarement attaqués.
Sur pomme de terre, le plant se déforme, la tige et les tubercules se nécrosent. Les jeunes plants de tabac se dessèchent et meurent. Les plants plus âgés se couchent (verse du tabac).
En plus des dégâts directs dûs à la présence du nématode, les tissus atteints sont généralement envahis par divers micro-organismes qui provoquent leur pourrissement.
![ditylenchus_oignon](data:image/png;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD//gA8Q1JFQVRPUjogZ2QtanBlZyB2MS4wICh1c2luZyBJSkcgSlBFRyB2NjIpLCBxdWFsaXR5ID0gMTAwCv/bAEMAAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAf/bAEMBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAf/AABEIAGQASgMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAfAAABBQEBAQEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAQIDBAUGBwgJCgv/xAC1EAACAQMDAgQDBQUEBAAAAX0BAgMABBEFEiExQQYTUWEHInEUMoGRoQgjQrHBFVLR8CQzYnKCCQoWFxgZGiUmJygpKjQ1Njc4OTpDREVGR0hJSlNUVVZXWFlaY2RlZmdoaWpzdHV2d3h5eoOEhYaHiImKkpOUlZaXmJmaoqOkpaanqKmqsrO0tba3uLm6wsPExcbHyMnK0tPU1dbX2Nna4eLj5OXm5+jp6vHy8/T19vf4+fr/xAAfAQADAQEBAQEBAQEBAAAAAAAAAQIDBAUGBwgJCgv/xAC1EQACAQIEBAMEBwUEBAABAncAAQIDEQQFITEGEkFRB2FxEyIygQgUQpGhscEJIzNS8BVictEKFiQ04SXxFxgZGiYnKCkqNTY3ODk6Q0RFRkdISUpTVFVWV1hZWmNkZWZnaGlqc3R1dnd4eXqCg4SFhoeIiYqSk5SVlpeYmZqio6Slpqeoqaqys7S1tre4ubrCw8TFxsfIycrS09TV1tfY2dri4+Tl5ufo6ery8/T19vf4+fr/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/APwRtFSRI42+6yruQt8oIUYypBD/ACchvlwRkHNddoluz21xC/y4Rm2gguMglE4VgEbaSQeCOPWuR06Ioqy+X8yrglnBGSNgBAGMEOchQckjDZxj1HS7PzY2uMORbxbZWUpHFKgLkpkgEkF8gYyqAMcEqK/EJPe7XW3a/le35n9iYGjzSi7bR13T5dE0/Rau9+ml7I831aERXq/dDBWDHc2xmzkNxyDyC2SgwTzyCYoIZCqzN85ZeCdxO4EFhwQCvQkEgrtwPlODv6rEl9qUzxRKVEZdwxzg7NoQlRklmXDL13EsU24UttYEWIybPLQALuLEoQyBUIIChcDIYKFyAMhgCDN9E+9vx7Xt+nyMfYXxFRpr2fM0m20m4qKvayTS031u/k22ds+VGFUqIpCCdpki3AOACpL5I3AKw2gMQowRV12WJy1ttkmYtlJeUjZWKjcyoVAIAJJGG+YYGWJfaRC5MQiJYFtol5ZUbbwMlio3kZKEsRvIyTir72M1vEztbXKRylkgeeGSKOQxsI5lSRowJpI5AVlKExIwIwSy7cndtt7rpZ9/wWvU6FaKXKvi2kmnayW3d63tr100sc1a6DqOt6tBaxxyaje37wwwxwxvctLcyyeRb2lraxYZ5JJQqRRLG8sjsqqpcgD6Y8e/ArwR4B8HavrNvrFx4s8TeAvHHgnwj4ykttRsF8B3uu+I9C8U67rXg7wubFTrGvS+DpPDkem+IvFdpqtrpk13eSR6VZNYvpOuap7N+y7aaf8ACHw34r/a58Y6cNR0T4d6pZ+BPhx4euhDA3j/AOL3jGzngNnZTXNndxQW/wAPPB9xq/xA1XU44pn0vV4PB1nsRtctnrO/aP8ABVt8MPgx8AfCdveyajb+Ob34q/HOw1ho4rSbXfCXinxDpfw88D311aK7Pb3E+mfDC81Z7Z5p/sdxrd3bLI7JMzYYmVSKw8IvllWnGSSSsqMJLVdvaqM4KL5Wlyzi3Gav8xLG0K2ZTwlGUpKjiIUqtbRxnipUJ4utQv8AFfD4eFJ1JczjKeK5U+ehUivnDVLTwp4p0nVtY8M+H7Xwjrug2batqPh/S9R1nVNE1DRFuraxn1DTpdd1HWNYstS06e4tmvLW71S8gvLCaW5hksW0+S3uvLhfykA5Q5AOSQCc9z8tfRXwO0aKa1+NGq3MUjJo3wM8bXqqh3fvbjU/DmjQCQuhdE8/WFf5MOeAGPSvm3ypTyEcA8gDdgA+nydPSrScdHK6aUlfdXbjq3unKLtfVbbWKw2PqU8fmOXqVSdPB/Up05VJTqzgsVSc5Ufa1H7ScYez9tGVSUpJV1BPkpwSyBbfZLyWBQHigmYAkqAxVlUlcrllIAb5uOMDaQa9VimiGjNMAwESFeqhG3byGYDGcZIypH3C3IYBeKuLTThekvNbI0+SSjgx7CA2wcriTaM5yckAhTxXqfgTwrq3i+efwz4a8P6t4s1i/hkSy0TQNI1PxBq9zsG4Cz0zSoLi7uCoDM3lwuQhLOgTaw3m9Eu7+/y9btWPq8HKnRdVyq0qdPkneU6lOEY21u72UVFWd3032PKLEXJ+2yxsAMiMjCORuyVkVO65bORgbCpIJYA3ZfD+rQQWNze295YadqsEt5p13cWs0FvqNpBdTWtxLp88ojhuYba7gktJnt5JViuYZoZWEqMg11t9Ls7i9028mfTr2zuXtLqxlS5huobuKbybi3ntZIxLDLCUaGWOQiRJVaNgm0Afa3iDwv8A8K/+Avx7+G/xGQDxH8IPi38Fo/Dfkay1xaeG9X+IPhr4h3/iHTEsbmBitv4j8P6BYahdy2RspIdS0Cxhvo7rzYRb81fEujGEowTi61CjJy51yuvOMIL3IVLylJ2jFqK3cpwjGUl5mMxOGwn1VVMThaksRiaNN044qmqsqVbE4fCTrUoL44UK2Lw7rK8V7OTs78il8IrGtvM1vBLEx2ovmKZfLLiNdxZi+QTjljglgeVXONW1v9Qv5LHSri51Ce2tJJGs7KJ2uYIJbt/3jw27XGyKW6dIPN8sBn8pFbc6qp662ufDmu+FdC07RImu/F8fijxHJrVtbQvPe32lXel+GIfCX2KBQ094bO+tfFkEkUCM0Emo2aSJuvLavfv2MfBnhfxZ8bNM8WeLRHZ/Cn4Ir/wtv4xazfwsthpHhHwTcx30em3pdRJJd+K9eh0jwdpelxpLd3d/rC4ie2t7yWDak3iK0KKfI5yjGUnpGnGTSnUqN2cadNRc5Tl7qjBybUY3Mc1zTA5TlWZZrWxVCNHLaGJxEqPtYOrVWHg5wpU6fM3KriJRUcPTipSqyqU4wTnNRXq/7UnhLX9U+I/7LX/BP/4cQJca58ONI8M6J4ntomxbal+0N8b59M8V/ELUdSMYZRB4SstQ8K+Bpbp962Wm+CLqbzhCzxp8+ft0fEfRfEf7QGv+EfBepy33w5+DejeHvgh8O7k7QLjw18MNPTw8L1Uj3Ija5rcOt+ILgoxD3mrXM7PK8jFvsD4L+NRYP+1x/wAFLvF91pDXsdt4l0L4Ry2mp6Zfy2nxW+N15relgGytrm4utL1HwP4KGq2Y0/VLWzvLePxB4e1i1VrSXT7qf8e7PV9M1vV1RPtN/faleiKOILNc3V5eXtwEVRFGJJZri4mlZUQI7tI42gsedMVKlUlCrCLaq1KlSknHWlhqF8JhIW3jNQp1YzTbbgqTbu3f8q4YxE8Xm01icwwcZZHl9KnmM4VoPD1+JM99lmmdyjyvlawMVQ5Jxdo/2jWovWEkfbfwSs7zSP2dv2mPinqI8rR73wnofwa0GdtxOoeKPFHirw/4tvYrWNURpTpWjeEhcajMjN9mbVtLjYr9uVh8U/aGPJuBk9eZ/wCqZ/Pmv0E/bK1bRv2dvhz8Fv2Q1iWDxV4d0BPif8aNNiltpfsHxO8eRQ3cujajJaNJENS8OaHBofhq9s97i1k8N27MBPJKX/OUeIdGIyYxk8n9445PXj7KcfTJx61jU92o4Wk3CMISutqivOpHV/YqTlT00fJzLRnscL5hSzb+2s9eLoKjmmcVoYG05WqZbllKhlWFxKtdcmPnhMRj6DWjoYqjone/oFlpdobOyaKNH3zBywEZzmMFhnBwV3gbiT1wVBIav2c/4Ju3OoeKPAnxc+Bvw4+Lekfs/wDxi1IR/Efwt47u7nw/oI8X6b4Vs431bwbq3i/UdG1XVNKtPDcED+MdMsdEutLmvJYtXurm7Z9Lt4ZPx5tNsM8NgJFXyo1Z8KFKnZnEaMoGTITGVyxJ+6eQ1fUv7O3xd1L9nnxh4T+MY8K2ur6NpPi/QLC8GsaTJcrq3h0/aZ/GGi6NeXW2xh1K70xI4JrhQ95bJdQIskFtcXUdzOJ5eWKkm4uUYSipun7lSShN80YydlByk4uM1NRcJQmpOL+j4tyhZrw1mOGpQvi6dOlicDTiqEo1cfgJ0cXhaVWliqVfDV8PVr0adPEU8TSq0p0pybipJSj+kXifS/2MPi78WPhHrnxfm1Gw/a9ufH/hbQPjR8L/AIaabcar8OvjD8Qk8Vabo2maj4zvta0TwpaeCPEHxIvjDN42tvA114us7uO51DW4LPT769mnr4T/AOCg17r978KvBXiwaX4s8OS/F/4wfEf4o+Lbnxh/whZ8TfFifXIbEeBfidc/8ItpWlT2ngv7JH430P4a+GL6JrTw5pkGsSaabsatLq2o/p3qH/BOv4heMP2jfhJ+234U+JNh8Wb74v33ir4yeGtGs573UbG/143Ok2Xw+lu/FtpYw2XhPwnpqa9Z6j4svtUMt/4R0/wvcWNla6jeSwwWf5of8FLvA9v8AfB/wB/Z21jx9pfj74n6B4W0+6+IsenXaapF4O1TRdX8e6vDoNvfedLJbac158UdW0nRdC2239m+G/CWhXU8AbU0gseHE4XG/XMMq9WtLknQr4ilUjTpU37TD+2pVp0qS5JzUZ0KsVOVWcKk41otT9rUl/PmS8ZUc9z/ACTC4enVr03h6dOvQqUcWlk+OisXWzDAYeWIp0fZ4bBVqeFhSVSN5U1hIwnOVGMaX5Habb6g8qTs0weNkdJEbZIhX7pTG0oAcOCudvJyMAD9ZfgDqeufEf8AYg/a98H+J/Betazo3hRvh94z8Q/GC2uPEn9oWn2a48Qr4N0HxRqGmXywa/FpeoyeIpdE03xLHcaU1prN+80tvdaH4cMH5m6Wse1WmBzwGVVUqVIxwvynB5JxhcgAjAIr9RP2EPFkfj3wz8Yv2MdRu7bS9E+Pl34O12e4knGnXN2vg2e9tNXtYbtvMjin07Q9cufEdoGt540GjX0s0TpEqn0p0HWlCEOeNWUZ06UqKj7T2tWDpwiuZOPJUnKMaiau4czjacYSj+ieJGHlhuC8Zj6NOdepgcXlGNnKE5Rq4ahhc0wWIxGLp8k4KcsLhqdSuqU5OnN0kqqlT5ovmP2wtX0X4Z/sVfsX/s9+H9DtvC194t8Hw/Hv4kabZtO0uteJvGttDcaTr+tTTHz7jUNU8Iw+Cr2OOcOmm2ottOszHaWsMax/speAfCH7Jvwtb9uv46abG+tWwu4f2V/hvqNtA174x8eBXt9P+Jt9Y3SmSPw14Uu/NuvDE7w7dT8Q6edYjkNjoHl6p718fbT4ceJf2yvip8X/AIl6Rp2q/An9nXw7oui6BoF8903h3Ur22s5ovAuhrEI4HvNL0vw3Y6HJeaTIxa8WCzt57eWG98o/k1+0H+0P44/at+Kd3418RtNaeHNOI03wX4Y3COw0LRLcJbWkNvZxMLW1draCJPItlW2tIUis7VVggQN1YqMqNapOlO3LVdPDScpOSo4ZRw1KvF3bc5RoxcZJ6VOeq2+VKp+S8LzzDiHBLh/LIVcNTzSviM14ozdzlKpCjm1V4uGTYOcpSqvEzwVShQxOJlLmwuEShSbr1IzocB4i8S+Jvij4y8SfELxjqM2p+JvFesXOsare3MksrtcXblgqSTNK4gtozHBbJJIxSGNELHG6nDSnAAErYAAHyjoOB/Af5n61t6TpUUaDAG5dpwxAAyh6EnjDAEnCqdxXOMEdD9jQcBVAHTKRg49xvOD68nnua4kuVJaO1l36q3fb/gN7n9J5ZklHA4HD4WjQjTpUKcKdOMfcjGEYxjFJJxSUUrKKVklpZM9D0Jlh1mwlRPIkki8qK7aGN5LG6vIZLa0v/LdLmKY6XNNb6ksU0LljbBCpVhWbq974m1m706TW9c1bWpobGWKCbWLy7vpIzI4M6+ZeTztGJiVJGQG4OAQMTaBemwvZM2wvWl06e2heWQMsM94sdtPcsHt3aSS3ieeOAo0LRXJt7kTERNHJ7n8BPBHh74jfF3wH4V8W6nNoXhrXfFWjWPiPWIkikk0fw69xDJrupwrPFcwPLYaTHd3S+bDPGzxZ+zyndE9VIc0klFOUmoRbSV3J2XvNWSvK127LrY+raglWrzjJwp003LWStDnqVOWKu3ePLfS8nte2v9Bf/BO39qfVfhR/wSpvPEfjjxUNFtvht8XfHfw++HktvZadM1xoM1to/wAQG0/XhJbS3EljZeIvEOvzWskrI5iMFs7raQQtb/ynfFjVfG3xS+MPj/4z+J/Dni9dL+IHjPWNY0zWda0XUNHh1C3vridtNeOaezFkZ7i2WG8nt7YsrytNsZdzSj+pz9vI/Av4R/sSN4E8CeGvCPwY174jeB7bxT8PdC0zQtK0PUNI1v8At/4a6TqHjnxvq0X2iwl8ReInu4PAbandTpoOiy3XiCbSprKXwbrOpD+TTQdR1K0l10Xssl/L4htGstRuru5e7lkkXVLHU/tZuWkkNzcC5sIys7SSZEkjhmB5zjhMbSx1ati8dVxVKFGnhcvoXiqOGwsLSlJRa5+arNrkcmmqMIWjFylCP4vkGV4KrnWYZjg8FDDxxGYV683ypSlUqTTm1yvki780qkoNqdRyfRM0bWJIvkcbnD5LDkCMkgBumDtU4Csw5A3FhmvrP9h+XS7H9tL9mO58Q2f2/QLz4zeAfDetWjSTQrc6J4r1218LaxbyPbTI7RTadrNzHKoYJPE3kOWjdlb5VhVm3yBAyqvOSu8li2NgVsHAPAXhiox1GOm8N+LdZ8CeKfDHjHQC9prnhPXtI8SaG7gsYtV0LUoNW06fBKK/k3dpC5jbBfbtO3dXTKThKFRLm9nOM3HS0uWUXZp6O9mreZ+jZlhKeNyvF4SpHmhiKFWlOEoq0o1IODU3bVNSaktXa+nf+kj/AILnfEK//ZO+K3wm8DfCvwD4dsPhLceGtR0r4neG7LTrfR9N+JkPi3Qb3RvEVn4uv9NthqN5qWqeG725t9J1O9ubhtIuYDd2tncyWduYP5iLltG1jxDrmq+G/DsHhHRNV1vUr/RfC9vqF5q9v4e0u6vZJ7HQ4dT1IyahqMGmWssVlHe3ryXVwkImuXeR5Gr+ob/gof4y+KX/AAVB/Zli+OHwH+CUkPgi48OeENT1W88Xalp2k+J28U+F9a0vw9r+l+D7CW5ZNZdvFuq3ng/w7PDJFd+JDDPBZ20dzfWVpffy7aNBNp0stpfWs9rd21w0M9tOGSeG4iZo5opoTGZI5Y3jKSQyIrRyqQ6lhxxJutjs0xToVqMZ5ji6eGnP2sKeJwMantMJWp0p8sYxVGpClF+zjJRp8ibpqCPhuB8uweAhHCwjTo1aVOEatGMoRdCre1Sm4w92DUk7K2idmua9t2INE+1sLLuXcqAM+45DKMDC8AHGAAV4AwSLZu4QSC8uQSD/AMS5n5HB+cwAt/vfxde9T/ZS10lygCIo+cuGDRklgoctjLDKoxKquACSrZUI1ywZgtxKAGIAW5AXAPG0CQALjoAAAOgFbn6jaUVZT5V0bvdrRp3Uo389+p0DFLZ4HBV7iWJZIRGd22NnLc4ZvnLZZnfljgNkMTXrvwi8WW/hH4o/DfWLuOK9g0jxh4cvdQsJQ629/ZLqloL/AEy9eEO5sL6yNxZ3ZjDyfZp5TGC5CnxnS9StZ5I7lEmleSEjy5QQdyou0AqSeoO0EfxFc5Za5OHV2WSWa8uLiW8DF0lTAjikVy3UsGCR5woB6gckfMNZxbd9mrNd7ppq+2l/u/LavVhLDyp80XHERnT5k2oxjyR5tU1JzldJdtb2sj+jX/grr4S8I+JPgd+z78SNM1W0fwL488GeGPgn4b8SvJA1l4V8ffCzxN8YvFOrabq82nL5TWOq3Ot2Wjajqa262V1IE8aWn2qwijef+fnSfg74ytBHc63b6foXhy3zNeeMb7VNOuPC1raRsrTXa6vpd1qFvrPyBjaWOhHVNT1icx2ejWOo309vby/ZPhH9qi78N/sseLPC2oeHfDnxI8H+K/jb8PLvX/hV8Sri+1Lwrd3Wk6D8VL/x7qfg02OpaXr3gq61CbXvhm9vqvgPVNF8SaVLBqtrPez6FPJBeeQ2mt/sIeINSa+8TfDr9pz4cWk6M/8AZngvx/8ADb4m2WmXuVMg02LxP4M+H2qXOkr8wtrLUdZutTjjAjn1y8k33R6as415wqK0JShGLhLmTg4rlkuZRlFxlKEpx5nBxU4w99JSPznJqOIy+OKpezq1FTxFRRr06SrJpuEk/ZxrKopxjNRdozhNwc1yuTgeAavH4bk1KSLwsmryaSsSQwXet/ZIbzU5FLebqH2GyXytHtrpsNb6Sb/VZrWMBZtSu3+52mnfDZ9U07TNV1nXdK8NQa5LLbaFFq6a/d3utyRS/ZJ5dN07w7oeuXn2OG7P2SO9vIbKyvL2K9tLCe7udP1GC09At7D9jy91XUI4fjP+0Doej20EkmlTap+zf4Nu76aTCmG0mTTP2iPs8EnzFPPDiD5Cyqu4IvR/29+zZ4f0WHxlp3i74tfFDxfbM+i6D4b8SeCvBvhPStLj0az0u2stc1Vv+E1+Ixm02z0+88nw1pc+l3Vnf6tplxJrMb6dpzabrmEovq4JK71lF7b6Rbk7J6WSu9dUj6pYuk6Sp0/rNSUkk3PC14zbafLrVowpxvK7k5e7FNqyumv3v/ZJ8a6PrX7GH7THwT8CTaTB4Z8Kand/DCw0W5nNvJ4/s9a8E+BPg9qHxd0+QzSvot5N8XbHS/FNlBZzW9lbusGoTG61K11nUr38Hv2nbC1+KEXgf9pfTbWOx1D4vQ6tp/xGSwt1ghHxl8IRaUfHlzPawCKG0fxMNZ0nxTtV5Wun1SfU5fKe9NrBu/DT9q2Hwp8TfD/ia6vPGupR+MvEn2X4uax4q1PTrmaDwdqWj+IfCCaVoNtpWm21g58N2finUfGOmXg0ezgHiiz0qUaMv9m+bceofFH4YQ/CTXv2jvgLrl5pVlpl54s8E+L/AAFeTyRyaHosuufb77SNVvr+3kuY7Swsra5h+Gt34gt55tFtNS8TC5vbx9P8q7iupWnWoxi0uWnJwTvtJ2nRk00uSLiq1FRbtFLmcnqfLZfgJZdmdSdRP9/ONflak3Kk5QoYrlkvflKnVnQr86gnNJRUErJfnfZX0EYa0vITbtNlCZNzBWLMgkjYlkdRkuxJZjjABIBqu9lGXcq7FSzFTsc5BJIOQCOR6E/Wuj8ReF9U0LUG0fxTpGoaJfCCO7NtfwTWzPbyhjFe2rvEFuLW5UBra6gae2uY2MsE8iuGHLm0uFJVLyQIpKqPIg4UcL1APTHUA+vNcvqrPqn00T/XrY+6bm4wcXCrC3uyTgpaOLd72T8mktbqy2MyCW30jTYtSvZVlmSVILHT1DJNdTH552bcuTbwsVWYjbKrMqRoeWXJj1BHd5LkGA3DNIyQQM0Y5YFRkbsnkfKwwQflyNopRX0MjWkk7vcTR20UEIkk+WKIkzHYoIAVpXdm2qWZ2bJOFIsXfiiwtGmgSBrhoW2GUuI7eOR0yYgW+8EZiudrEkEkjJZuxx7Rdv8AFtt621v31ejMIYiEYrnxEKUI2Sg4c7lKyvKdnzSbSaSXuwgld3bZt2SXMVrqlhbPE9jrEMct1azwCSA3dqHFhqFuxZZLTUrJrmYW93E0chgnurKcT2F1eWs+aunT2jK1wWmOGURqGZgqkMWYsNmTyqhG4wQzDC7s+38Sy3ToUktVTLZjiUsoj25Du+ABkspAOF+UccFTvx6zEsiNMiMcMJGDFgcLtVwxLMRkZYFVJOQMDIObTj016K/nr6dX56sqnLLqknKP7ttpurFcsJSdtXHmnfbVytotdkWrT7LJi1aNoZJSqp57JEGOTxu5RSWwpLgAnAyoyDZ/s6axlmSIbDhgwwJAdmAFZHARmUZBDgqnLHJIzXOp6JcMyPNtJ2/upF4BxJyr5wCAFDAEAtkAjoLTjZGXsb9VQ8pE0gaIK0Z2RgmSSRlIJjXc75JJbqGqObpJNf0tmn37X6ao6lCPLelOlXUdY8klGol1Tje17d5J9LO+kCQIolaaEEMGcS7ydr7d4UBWIwQC+xipG3lcHFfoFoXiLU/2lfgrZeENR1eIfE74S+F4vC/hvXb+G3mu9U8HKt3Ba+ENWv5nikTwreaaVez1TUPtFl4E8VeFoLrzYJPifPe6F+ddzcTJblLiJUmIA3QnzFZMFVfejiSNm+ZSrBcnOSx5XofBHxJ8RfDDxVZeJfDF2i39gwS5huluGstXsZJI5bnS9REE9tM9lMYIpEntZre/sLq3tNS0u8sdTsrO9ga3le0oTSjOKdrrRp9VeLSkuzSaPIzCEakI2h7PEUWpUp1EuZSerhJNRbhUjzRmn8S2NO813xhYabdeDr/Vtaj0K1upTc+Hbyac2lnfwTL9okGn3BKafe/aIhFcPCttPIyeRcs6l1HHNqUwJAVwMnAzIMDPAwMgYHoa+h/jBrvhX4xi4+L3gO2ay1G8tZ7z4t+E2itItU8PeJbjUpRJ4vtLPS7S20688F6+l5pcFxrWkWOnWWm+LWvrTUtB8MW+r+F7bU/mkXyd0J9wDg+/Lg8+4B9h0qHGztbmslZrROOlnbppo+2qaumFHF06lOM4yVGb/jxcYymqqtzRnZrp8MtpxaknZpmDpmt2QtLFZPDGgXDx2lnvnlk8RCadkhiidpTBr8KBp2Tz5fJSJRM7eSsUW2JdSw1Wya4uhN4a0K4hCKkVvKdbEUDHUrt/NjaHWopzIIFSzHmzSR/Zo1JjNwXuHKK9fljePurVRvotdep81CpO79+eijb3npp6nHaykMGpXk9pBHZKZ3kjgtjL5MAIVhFH58s0rRrvIUzyzSYA3SMckzafcy3LxCU5JIiLDKsy7VIztIGR04A4AB6CiivOlu/V/mehFtTik2k4wbSdruyV33dtL7nbWOhWN/Y3Mk/nb4o5HR45ApyqsuD8hBBBOQRyec8VympQ/wBn20UtpLPEzRzghZWAJjOFPGCCc5OCBnkAHNFFSt36/ojqqpKk5JJS9nfmSs788Fe61vbS5T8IXlzf6ZNdzzy/aIS0QdZZTvXDj94sryKTjI+QJjc2MZNX/t1xcfajMwfCxKAQcddu7AP3wBwT07DpRRUr45Lpb/IxhKX1fDrmlZxbau9XySd3rq76+o/R/FGt+FtZttZ0K8NhqFkJBHKscc0U8NzG0F5Z31rcpNaahp2oWss1nqOnXsE9jqFlNPZXtvPazzRP9Ja38H/CNxrOrTwtqthFPqd/NFY2V5EtnZRyXUrpaWi3FrcXC21srCGAT3E8wiRBLNK+52KK1ik07pPWP5/8BfcfP5nKUasHGUotppuLabSdJpNpq6TlJq+zbtuz/9k=)
Figure
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![Ditylenchus_dipsaci](data:image/png;base64,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)
- Figure 2
- Les plantes hôtes :
Commun dans toute l'Europe, ce nématode peut s'attaquer à plus de 1 200 plantes cultivées et sauvages. Il existe une vingtaine de races biologiques indistinguables morphologiquement, mais possédant chacune sa gamme d'hôtes. Les principales cultures attaquées sont des graminées (avoine, seigle, maïs) ; des liliacées (oignon, ail, poireau, figures 1 et 2) ; les légumineuses (luzerne, haricot, pois, trèfle) ; des solanées (pomme de terre, tabac) ; des crucifères (chou, navet, moutarde) ; des moracées (chanvre, houblon), etc.
- Cycle de développement :
Doué de grandes capacités d'anabiose, ce nématode peut persister dans le sol à l'état de vie ralentie pendant 8 à 9 ans. Il hiverne à tous les stades dans les tiges, les pétioles, les bulbes des plantes cultivées ou de mauvaises herbes et se reproduit pendant toute l'année, sauf par temps froid.
Profitant de l'humidité lors des pluies ou de la rosée, les larves (figure 3) et les adultes migrent hors du sol et se déplacent à la surface des tiges et des feuilles dans la pellicule d'eau qui les recouvre. Ils pénètrent à la base des tiges ou dans les écailles des bulbes, creusent des cavités en dissociant les cellules. Ces cavités se traduisent par des lésions brun rougeâtre qui peuvent être très étendues. En fin de végétation, on retrouve dans ces lésions desséchées une substance cotonneuse constituée de millions d'individus à l'état d'anabiose (vie ralentie) qui constituent une réserve d'infection pour les cultures suivantes. Les individus se nourrissent des sucs cellulaires qu'ils aspirent avec leur stylet après avoir injecté leur salive dans les cellules. Les substances toxiques contenues dans la salive provoquent des nécroses et des déformations des tissus. Ce nématode peut également envahir les graines et être disséminé avec les semences (luzerne).
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)
Figure 1
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)
Figure 2
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![Ditylenchus_dipsaci_](data:image/png;base64,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)
Figure 3
![Résultat de recherche d'images pour "Ditylenchus 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)
Lutte :
- Méthodes culturales :
- observer une alternance des cultures
- Sélectionner des pieds-mères sains.
- Détruire les adventices.
- Ramasser et brûler les débris de culture.
- Méthodes physiques :
- Tremper les bulbes ou les rhizomes dans un bain d’eau chaude à +43.5°C pendant deux heures.
- Désinfecter le sol à la chaleur.
- Mettre en place, aux entrées des chapelles des serres des bacs remplis d’un liquide désinfectant (formol, eau de javel…) pour détruire les nématodes adhérent avec de la terre aux chaussures.
- Lutte chimique
- Désinfecter le sol à l’aide de nématicides (Dazomet, Dibromoéthane, Dichloropène)
- Pulvériser sur les pieds-mères des bouillies à base de Parathion-méthyl, Vamidothion, ou Déméton-métyl.
- Incorporer au sol de l’Aldicarbe ou de l’Oxamyl.