Rhytisma acerinum
Rhytisma acerinum (la Tache goudronneuse) est une espèce de champignons parasites, assez fréquents, des feuilles de l'Érable sycomore (et d'autres espèces d'érables selon Sutton (1980) et Farr et al. (1989) en Europe et Amérique du Nord, de la fin de l'été à la chute des feuilles en Automne. Mais sa maturation se fait en hiver sur les feuilles mortes (Jones, 1925; Duravetz & Morgan-Jones, 1971, cités par Weber et Webster).
Rhytisma acerinum
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)
Tache goudronneuse de l'Érable sycomore
Nom binominal
Rhytisma acerinum
Synonymes
- Melanosorus acerinum
- Melanosorus acerinus
- Melasmia acerina
- Polistigua acerinum
- Polystigma acerinum
- Rhytisma pseudoplatani
- Xyloma acerinum
- Xyloma gyrans
- Xyloma lacrymans
Anamorphe
Anamorphe : Melasmia acerina
Histoire naturaliste, scientifique et technique
Ce champignon (le plus facile à identifier sur les feuilles) a été d'abord décrit par Elias Fries en 1823, et ensuite mieux étudié au XIXe siècle dont par exemple par Berkeley (1860) puis au XXe siècle (par Massee en 1915 et par ses successeurs).
Il a été depuis longtemps constaté que ses attaques étaient plus communes dans les zones urbaines et industrielles. Les données et études scientifiques accumulées depuis les années 1970 ont montré que les proliférations locales de ce champignon peuvent être considérées (tout comme la disparition de certains lichens) comme bioindicatrices de pollution de l'air par le dioxyde de soufre.
Biologie
Les ascospores, unicellulaires ont une forme d'aiguille, avec une petite zone mucilagineuse apicale. Les spores contaminants sont émises en mars-avril (en Europe tempérée), c'est-à-dire au moment de la croissance des jeunes feuilles.
Bioindication
S'il ne s'agit pas de cas isolés (pouvant alors être expliqués par un affaiblissement de l'arbre touché), la répartition géographique et la fréquence des taches des Rhytisma acerinum sur les feuilles d'érable a été corrélée à la concentration moyenne annuelle de l'air en dioxyde de soufre l'un des facteurs des pluies acides, au point que la pollution atmosphérique par le soufre pourrait être estimé en calculant le nombre moyen de taches par unité de surface sur les feuilles d'érables.
En Europe et dans les pays où la lutte contre la pollution soufrée a été active, la pollution par le soufre tend à être remplacé par une pollution acide un peu moins forte, mais également eutrophisante, contribuant également à l'acidification des pluies, mais l'influence de ce paramètre sur le champignon ne semble pas avoir été étudiée.
Ce champignon tolère jusqu'à 90 g de SO2 par mètre cube d'air. Des protocoles simples de suivi pourraient être utilisés dans le cadre de dispositifs de type |sciences participatives.